Biology
Cell structure, division, respiration, evolution, ecosystems, classification, enzymes, and tissues — all 8 exam topics covered.
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Your Biology Progress
Complete all 8 topics to master the Biology section. Each topic has notes, an animation, and 8 MCQs.
Topics
1. Cell Structure
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, organelles, plant vs animal cell comparison.
2. Cell Division
Mitosis (PMATC), meiosis, comparison, human chromosome numbers.
3. Respiration
Aerobic (38 ATP) vs anaerobic (2 ATP), glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC.
4. Evolution
Darwin's natural selection, Lamarck, evidence, key concepts.
5. Ecosystem
Food chains, energy flow (10% rule), biogeochemical cycles, ecological terms.
6. Living Organisms
5 kingdoms, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, major animal phyla.
7. Enzymes
Biological catalysts, lock-and-key model, factors affecting activity.
8. Tissues, Organs & Systems
Animal & plant tissues, organ systems, organisation hierarchy.
Key Numbers to Remember
46
Human chromosomes in body cells (23 pairs)
23
Chromosomes in human gametes (haploid)
38 ATP
Energy from aerobic respiration
2 ATP
Energy from anaerobic respiration
10%
Energy transferred per trophic level
37°C
Optimum temperature for human enzymes
pH 2
Optimum pH for pepsin (stomach)
pH 7
Optimum pH for amylase (saliva)
pH 8
Optimum pH for trypsin (pancreas)
1665
Year Robert Hooke discovered cells
1859
Darwin published On the Origin of Species
5
Kingdoms in Whittaker's classification (1969)
Famous Biologists
Robert Hooke (1665)
Discovered cells using a microscope; named them "cells" after cork cells
Schleiden & Schwann (1838–39)
Proposed the Cell Theory — all living things are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
"Omnis cellula e cellula" — all cells arise from pre-existing cells
Charles Darwin (1859)
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection — survival of the fittest
Arthur Tansley (1935)
Coined the term "Ecosystem"
Carl Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature (Genus + species)
R.H. Whittaker (1969)
Proposed Five Kingdom Classification system
Emil Fischer (1894)
Lock and Key Model of enzyme action
Daniel Koshland (1958)
Induced Fit Model — active site is flexible, not rigid
Watson & Crick (1953)
Discovered the double helix structure of DNA