English
Vocabulary, Parts of Speech, Punctuation, Comprehension, Tenses, Active/Passive Voice, and Direct & Indirect Speech — all 7 exam topics covered.
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Your English Progress
Complete all 7 topics to master the English section. Each topic has notes, an interactive exercise, and 8 MCQs.
Topics
1. Vocabulary
Synonyms, antonyms, one-word substitution, idioms & phrases, word formation.
2. Parts of Speech
Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections.
3. Punctuation
Full stop, comma, colon, semicolon, apostrophe, quotation marks, exclamation, question mark.
4. Reading Comprehension
Skimming, scanning, inferencing, finding main idea, tone, title, and author's purpose.
5. Tenses
12 tenses — present, past, future × simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous. Signal words.
6. Active & Passive Voice
Conversion rules for all tenses, by-agent, when to use passive, special cases.
7. Direct & Indirect Speech
Reporting verbs, tense backshift rules, pronoun changes, time/place expression changes.
Quick Reference: Key Numbers & Rules
8
Parts of Speech in English
12
Tense forms (3 time × 4 aspects)
3
Degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative)
3
Persons in grammar (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
be + V3
Passive voice formula
V3 / pp
Past participle used in passive voice
−1 tense
Tense backshift rule in indirect speech
"told"
"Said to" becomes "told" (with object) in indirect speech
5W + H
Comprehension framework: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How
S + V + O
Basic active sentence structure
14
Punctuation marks in standard English usage
26
Letters in the alphabet (5 vowels, 21 consonants)
Famous Linguists & Grammarians
Noam Chomsky
Father of modern linguistics; proposed Universal Grammar — all humans are born with an innate language faculty
Ferdinand de Saussure
Father of structural linguistics; distinguished langue (language system) from parole (actual speech)
Samuel Johnson (1755)
Compiled the first comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language
Noah Webster (1828)
Standardised American English spelling; published An American Dictionary of the English Language
J.L. Austin
Speech Act Theory — language is used to perform actions (statements, promises, commands)
Lindley Murray (1795)
Wrote English Grammar — widely used school text that formalised and popularised grammatical rules